Top 20 Most Important Belgian Contemporary Artists

Belgium has a remarkable history of iconic artists throughout the ages. From Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, Pieter Paul Rubens, and—more recently—James Ensor, René Magritte, to Pierre Alechinsky. But who are the most important Belgian artists in the contemporary era? Let’s find out.

When assembling a top list of the most influential artists, we use objective data to achieve a reasoned selection instead of endless discussions and conflicting opinions resulting in a somewhat subjective and often incomplete anthology of artists. Therefore, the analytical research tool of Artfacts[1] is our starting point, ranking artists by measuring their pertinence in the art world. Think of exhibitions at renowned institutions, featuring in public collections, or participating in the art world’s most important fairs and biennials.

So today, we take on Belgium—my dear home country. A country with, when it comes to art and culture, not only an impressive past but also a vibrant present. Think of the thriving gallery scene in Antwerp and Brussels, institutions for contemporary such as S.M.A.K. Ghent, WIELS Brussels, or M HKA Antwerp, and an impressive amount of private collectors matching—or even transcending—the collections of various institutions across the globe.

Although it does not come naturally to the Belgian people to be chauvinistic, with pride and honor, I am pleased to present and discuss the top twenty most important Belgian artists that contributed to defining and shaping contemporary art as we know it today.

20. Dirk Braeckman

Born in 1958 in Eeklo and residing and working in Ghent, Belgium, Dirk Braeckman is a fine art photographer best known for his enigmatic black-and-white pictures focusing on the tactility and materiality of the print and photograph—emulating with material aspects of painting. Suggestive images of mundane subjects, such as a curtain, an empty room, a seascape, rocks, or the female nude, are rendered in a unique and characteristic low contrast, with an overall dark tone, with often blinks of solid highlights.

Braeckman has been experimenting with photography throughout his career—with freedom and spontaneity as essential notions in his creative process. Darkroom experiments, artificial lightning, or post-print interventions are just a few strategies in the artist’s ongoing search for the ‘right’ image, in which time is crucial to breach the documentary or narrative nature of his medium.

Dirk Braeckman represented Belgium during the 2017 Venice Biennale at the Belgian Pavilion in Venice, Italy. Notable institutional solo exhibitions include the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, the United States of America; Museum M in Leuven, Belgium; the Centre for Fine Arts (Bozar) in Brussels, Belgium; S.M.A.K. in Ghent, Belgium; De Pont in Tilburg, the Netherlands; the Appel Art Centre in Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the FRAC Auvergne in Clermont-Ferrand, France.[2]

19. Rinus Van de Velde

Born in 1983 in Leuven, residing and working in Antwerp, Belgium, Rinus Van de Velde is a drawing-based multidisciplinary artist best known for his monumental charcoal drawings, but also works in film, installation, sculpture, and recently pastel drawing. Van de Velde explores and creates fictional narratives in which the protagonist is one of his invented alter egos, exploring the tension between fiction and reality.

For these fictional narratives, the artist builds full-scale decors, attributes, masks, and even decorative artworks, to create a set to stage these narratives before capturing them in film or photography and proceeding to draw them. The attributes, such as an ashtray, is never an actual ashtray but ashtray sculpture made of paper-maché or plaster, emphasizing the pastiche character of his fictional realities. These sets and attributes are included in his exhibition as Rinus Van de Velde’s fiction enters our reality for an almost immersive experience.

Rinus Van de Velde has exhibited at numerous institutions, encompassing the S.M.A.K. in Ghent, Belgium; the Centre for Fine Arts (Bozar) in Brussels, Belgium; the Kunstmuseum in Luzern, Switzerland; the CAC in Malaga, Spain; the Kunstmuseum in Den Haag, the Netherlands; Kunsthalle São Paolo, Brazil, and more.[3]

18. Anne-Mie van Kerckhoven

Born in 1951 in Antwerp, Belgium, where the artist continues to work and reside, Anne-Mie van Kerckhoven works in painting, drawing, collage, video, and digital art. She is interested in science and artificial intelligence and examines eroticisms and machinery, celebrating femininity, sexuality, and technology.

Dream-like futuristic enactments operate between the human and machine-like forms, often appropriating soft-porn images as source material. Van Kerckhoven uses computer graphics, text, and even music to underline the message of her proud female characters.

Notable solo exhibitions include the Fridericianum in Kassel, the Renaissance Society in Chicago, the United States of America; the Kunstverein Hannover, Germany; Museum Abteiberg in Mönchengladbach, Germany; Kunstverein München, Germany; the Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland; the FRAC Pays de la Loire in Carquefou, France; Mu.ZEE in Ostend, Belgium; WIELS in Brussels; Kunsthalle Nürnberg, Germany; M HKA in Antwerp, Belgium; DAAD in Berlin, Germany; and Kunstmuseum Luzern, Switzerland.[4]

17. Lili Dujourie

Born in 1941 in Roeselare, residing and working in Lovendegem, Belgium, Lili Dujourie is a conceptual artist working in painting, sculpture, photography, collage, video, and installation. Dujourie’s work is characterized by an interplay between concealing and revealing, exploring issues of gender and identity in her ongoing search for truth in art.

Lili Dujourie was a true pioneer for Minimal Art and Conceptual Art in Belgium, alongside the likes of Jan Vercruysse and Marcel Broodthaers. Her oeuvre provokes and requires intellectual and poetic engagement, challenging the subject position of the viewer by experimenting with material and form at the intersection of minimalism and conceptualism.

Institutional solo exhibitions include the S.M.A.K. in Ghent, Belgium; Kunstmuseum aan Zee in Ostend, Belgium; Centre d’Art Contemporain in Thiers, France; the Centre for Fine Arts (Bozar) in Brussels, Belgium; Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporaneo in Sevilla, Spain, and more.[5]

16. Walter Swennen

Born in 1946 in Brussels, where the artist continues to work and reside, Walter Swennen is a contemporary painter best known for his radical, experiential, and associative approach to his medium. Swennen believes in the total autonomy of a painting; it does not need an interpretation or an emotional reaction; it only needs to be a painting. The only question that remains is, what do you paint? And how do you paint?

Swennen was a poet before he became a painter, but one could argue his painterly practice is poetry with painting, as text and associative choices are crucial in his artistic practice. As a result, his oeuvre is playful, humorous, versatile, and filled with pictorial symbols exploring the nature, possibilities, and limitations of painting.

Walter Swennen exhibited at renowned institutions, such as Kunstmuseum Bonn, Germany; the Gemeentemuseum in Den Haag, the Netherlands; Kunst Museum Winterthur, Germany; Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen in Düsseldorf, Germany; WIELS in Brussels, Belgium; Culturgest in Lisbon, Portugal; Kunstverein Freiburg, Germany; to name just a few.[6]

15. Panamarenko

Born in 1940 in Antwerp, retired in 2005, and passed away in 2019 in Brakel, Belgium, Panamarenko is an iconic artist, inventor, engineer, mathematician, philosopher, and visionary. Henri Van Herwegen, alias Panamarenko is best known for his happenings, flying objects, motorized devices, collages, spacecrafts, watercrafts, and other machinery.

The artist studied at the Art Academy in Antwerp but, in the end, did not necessarily see himself as an artist—hence defying categorization. Nevertheless, his artistic insight, the collectible character of his creations, the uncanny beauty of his technological devices and experiments, and the poetic character of everything he created enable this symbiosis of science, invention, and technology to be seen and experienced as art, sculpture, and more.

Solo shows at renowned institutions encompass the M HKA Antwerp, Belgium; MODEM Centre for Modern and Contemporary Arts in Debrecen, Hungary; the Royal Museums of Fine Arts in Brussels, Belgium; Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo, the Netherlands; Kunsthal Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain; and the Musée d’Art Contemporain in Lyon, France, and more.[7]

14. Michaël Borremans

Born in 1963 in Geraardsbergen, residing and working in Ghent, Belgium, Michaël Borremans is a contemporary painter who is also occupied with video, sculpture, installation, and, most recently, photography. The Belgian painter is best known for surreal pictures, marked by Old Master techniques, the absurd, and a conceptual foundation.

Michaël Borremans takes on universal themes from a contemporary perspective in close dialogue with art history. His technique—reminiscent of Baroque masters such as Caravaggio, Velázquez, or Vermeer—creates an ongoing tension and anachronism between the historical visual language and the contemporary subject matter. In doing so, the artist examines the human condition, our desires, perversions, beauty, and flaws in a haunting and alienated atmosphere marked by absurd juxtapositions, intriguing analogies, philosophical issues, or sometimes even humor—from slapstick to pitch-black.

Borremans’s work has been the subject of solo exhibitions at numerous prominent institutions, such as Galerie Rudolfinum in Prague, Czech Republic; the Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga, Spain; the Centre for Fine Arts (Bozar) in Brussels, Belgium; the Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Israel; the Dallas Museum of Art, the United States of America; the Hara Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo, Japan, and more.[8]

13. Jef Geys

Born in 1934 in Leopoldsburg and passed away in 2018 in Genk, Belgium, Jef Geys is a conceptual artist who aimed to break the idea of autonomous art. Geys critically analysis what constitutes a work of art, working with everyday objects, image appropriation, and ready-made sculpture. What is art? What is context—or pretext—for art?

By doing so, Jef Geys questioned the value and status of art in our society, critiquing the role of the institutions, and the artist, actively undermining existing hierarchies. Think of playing with his identity and status, trying to infiltrate unusual contexts with art.

Jef Geys has had recent one-person shows at renowned institutions such as the S.M.A.K. in Ghent, Belgium; the Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland; the Kunshall in Bergen, Norway; the Centre for Contemporary Art in Singapore, Singapore; the Kunstinstituut Melly in Rotterdam, the Netherlands; the Musée des Arts Contemporains in Hornu, Belgium; the M HKA Antwerp, Belgium; Centre d’Art Contemporain in Troyes, France; and the Musée d’Art Contemporain in Bordeaux, France.[9]

12. Michel François

Born in 1956 in Sint-Truiden, residing and working in Brussels, Michel François is a conceptual artist working in sculpture, installation, video, photography, printmaking, and painting. Michel François is also the partner of the—yet to be discussed—Ann Veronica Janssens (cf. infra) and is best known for his ‘no-style‘ style exploring cause and effect.

He is best known for his transformative practice in which daily things and materials are elevated into unique and valuable objects, transforming earth into a block of gold, a random scribble into a monumental sculpture, or paper and glass into a spiritual wall object. By doing so, the Belgian artist examines the contemporary reality of humanity, including banal and prosaic topics such as day jobs, housekeeping, and more.

Michel François exhibited at the Centre for Fine Arts (Bozar) in Brussels, Belgium; the Yarat Contemporary Art Centre in Baku, Azerbaijan; the Middelheim Museum in Antwerp, Belgium; Frac île-de-France, France; S.M.A.K. in Ghent, Belgium; the Centre Pompidou in Paris, France; Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany; and the Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland.[10]

11. Kris Martin

Born in 1972 in Kortrijk, residing and working in Mullem, Belgium, Kris Martin is a conceptual artist taking on universal issues with humor, wit, and a multidisciplinary artistic practice encompassing sculpture, drawing, photography, and installation. He is best known for his ready-made sculptures and appropriations in which he recontextualizes the familiar, think of the structure of the Lamb of God, the Laocoon sculpture, or even a church bell or porcelain vase.

Kris Martin addresses existential questions with subtle commentaries and interventions in existing images, structures, art, or concepts. An impelling force is the contradictions of human existence, resulting in poetic takes on history, art, religion, mortality, and the human condition.

The Belgian artist was the subject of various solo exhibitions at prominent institutions, including the Kunstmuseum Bonn, Germany; the Aargauer Kunsthaus in Aarau, Switzerland; the Kestnergesellschaft in Hanover, Germany; the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen in Düsseldorf, Germany; the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, Austria; the Lehmbruck Museum in Duisburg, Germany; the Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts in San Francisco, California, the United States of America; the Museum Dhondt-Daenens in Deurle, Belgium; and MoMA P.S.1 in New York, the United States of America, and more.[11]

10. Berlinde De Bruyckere

Born in 1964 in Ghent, Belgium, where the artist continues to work and reside, Berlinde De Bruyckere is a contemporary sculptor who also works in installation and drawing. She is best known for her human and equine sculptures using casts made of wax, hair, textile, metal, wood, and even animal skin.

De Bruyckere discusses human fragility, vulnerability, and suffering in relation to the fierceness and cruelty of life and nature. Using existing narratives, she discusses universal themes; love versus pain, danger versus protection, and life versus death. Her works are both confronting and comforting, finding solace in their beauty.

Recent notable institutional exhibitions include the MO.CO Montpellier Contemporain, France; Bonnefanten Museum in Maastricht, the Netherlands; Middelheimmuseum in Antwerp, Belgium; Sara Hildén Art Museum in Tampere, Finland; Kunsthal Aarhus, Denmark; the National Gallery of Iceland in Reykjavik, Iceland; the Leopold Museum in Vienna, Austria, the Musée d’Art Moderne et Contemporain in Strasbourg, France; the Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria; the Gemeentemuseum in Den Haag; the Netherlands; and S.M.A.K. Ghent, Belgium, to name just a few.[12]

9. Wim Delvoye

Born in 1965 in Wervik, residing and working between Ghent, Belgium, and Brighton, the United Kingdom, Wim Delvoye is a conceptual artist working in drawing, sculpture, installation, and happenings—think of tattooing pigs or recreating the digestive system and process with his infamous Cloaca machine.

Delvoye creates unexpected hybrid presentations of two antagonistic worlds or ideas, confronting us with our daily myths and imagined realities. By doing so, Delvoye absurdly and poetically dissects our contemporary society and belief systems.

The artist has had solo presentations at renowned institutions, such as the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels, Belgium; the Musée Tinguely in Basel, Switzerland; MUDAM, Luxembourg; the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art in Tehran, Iran; the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow, Russia; the
– Wim Delvoye: Mimicry, The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russia; the Louvre in Paris, France; and the Centre for Fine Arts (Bozar) in Brussels, Belgium.[13]

8. Edith Dekyndt

Born in 1960 in Ieper, residing and working between Brussels, Belgium, and Berlin, Germany, Edith Dekyndt aims to expose the transient nature of materiality in her multidisciplinary practice—working predominantly in video, sculpture, and installation. In doing so, she actively searches, examines, and presents physical phenomena.

Edith Dekyndt is intrigued by the elusive nature of matter, influenced by light, time, and space. Oxidation processes, decay, the effect of light, and other physical reactions result in ephemeral incidents at the root of her oeuvre. Her sensual perceptions of these phenomena are transformed into a rich neo-conceptual artistic practice—finding beauty in the pertinent transience of life.

Edith Dekyndt has had recent institutional solo exhibitions at the Centre d’Art Contemporain in Saint Nazaire, France; Kunsthaus Hamburg, Germany; Taxis Palais Kunsthalle Tirol in Innsbrück, Austria; Musée de l’Abbaye Sainte Croix in Les Sables-d’Olonne, France; WIELS in Brussels, Belgium; Espace d’Art Contemporain in Lyon, France; and Centre of Contemporary Art in Friburg, Switzerland.[14]

7. Jan Fabre

Born in 1958 in Antwerp, Belgium, where the artist continues to work and reside, Jan Fabre is a multidisciplinary artist, choreographer, stage director, playwright, and designer. He is occupied with theater, performance, drawing, and sculpture.

In his artistic practice, Fabre continuously searches for visual metaphors to discuss science, religion, death, and the afterlife—think of his artificial beetles and bronze sculpture measuring the clouds on top of the S.M.A.K.—a contemporary art museum—in Ghent, Belgium. He is also known for his BIC ballpoint drawings and intervention in public space.

The artist has had recent institutional solo presentations at the National Museum in Belgrade, Serbia; the Oro Rosso Museo di Capodimonte in Naples, Italy; the Museo d’Arte Contemporanea Donna Regina in Naples, Italy; the Sofia Arsenal Museum of Contemporary Art (SAMCA) in Sofia, Bulgaria; the CAAC Sevilla, Spain; the Leopold Museum in Vienna, Austria; and the State Hermitage Museum in Saint-Petersburg, Russia; to name just a few.[15]

6. Luc Tuymans

Born in 1958 in Mortsel, residing and working in Antwerp, Belgium, Luc Tuymans is a contemporary painter examining historical themes, narratives, and icons from a contemporary and painterly perspective—think of the lingering effects of the Second World War, Belgium’s colonial history, 9/11, or most recently the Covid-19 pandemic.

His practice is strongly influenced by the effects of photography and audiovisual media, not only on painting but also on image theory and our daily lives. This conceptual undercurrent is effectuated by his muted palette and characteristic brushwork, depicting his subjects and selected images in an often disturbing atmosphere and unique painterly contrast—enabling the artist to shift from Micky Mouse to painting a gas chamber with the most remarkable ease and virtuosity.

Luc Tuymans represented Belgium at the Belgian Pavilion during the 2001 Venice Biennale and participated in Document IX in 1993. Institutional solo exhibitions include the Palazzo Grassi in Venice, Italy; De Post in Tilburg, the Netherlands; the National Portrait Gallery in London, the United Kingdom; the Centre for Fine Arts (Bozar) in Brussels, Belgium; the MCA Chicago, the United States of America; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, United States of America; the Dallas Museum of Modern Art, United States of America; Tate Modern in London, the United Kingdom; and more.[16]

5. David Claerbout

Born in 1969 in Kortrijk, residing and working between Antwerp, Belgium, and Berlin, Germany, David Claerbout is a contemporary artist working in video, photography, drawing, and installation. At the core of his artistic practice, the Belgian artist creates a similitude between video art and reality—pushing film beyond narrative cinema and raising questions about how we can experience this medium.

His video work is often presented in an immersive installation. He manipulates moving and still images carefully, transcending reality, marked by meticulous attention to the production details and the presentation in his immersive environments.

Notable solo exhibitions at pertinent institutions include the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; De Pont Museum of Art in Tilburg, the Netherlands; Kunsthalle Mainz, Germany; the Tel Aviv Museum, Israel; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the United States of America; WIELS in Brussels, Belgium; Centre Pompidou in Paris, France; Kunstmuseum, St. Gallen, Switzerland; and the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.[17]

4. Ann Veronica Janssens

Born in 1956 in Folkestone, the United Kingdom, residing and working in Brussels, Belgium, Ann Veronica Janssens’ multidisciplinary practice working in sculpture, installation, and immaterial works, are an ongoing exploration of the human experience of the elusive—think of light, air, sound, reflections, dust, fog, and more.

Ann Veronica Janssens is best known for her experimental sculptures and in situ installations. Think of her colored dust, bells in water cubes, reflections or color in the water, reflecting in architectural space, or the effects of light and transparency on sculptural objects—visualizing the invisible, the transient, and its fragile or unstable character.

Ann Veronica Janssens has been the subject of institutional solo presentations at the Louisiana Museum in Humlebæk, Denmark; De Pont in Tilburg, the Netherlands; the Kiasma Museum in Helsinki, Finland; the Baltimore Museum of Art, the United States of America; the Institute of Contemporary Art in Villeurbanne, France; the Nasher Sculpture Center in Dallas, the United States of America; and the S.M.A.K. Ghent, Belgium, and more.[18]

3. Otobong Nkanga

Born in 1974 in Kano, Nigeria, residing and working in Antwerp, Belgium, Otobong Nkanga—winner of the Young Belgian Art Prize—discusses ecological themes and complex socio-political and material issues using installation, performance, sculpture, photography, video, drawing, painting, and textile.

Nkanga’s research-based practice examines the connections and relationships between bodies, territories, minerals, and the earth. We encounter nature versus culture, humans versus landscapes, organic versus non-organic matter, and natural structures versus political constellations.

Notable institutional solo exhibitions include Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria; Castello di Rivoli Museum of Contemporary Art in Turin, Italy; Henie Onstad Kunstsenter in Høvikodden, Norway; Gropius Bau in Berlin, Germany; MIMA in Middlesbrough, the United Kingdom; MCA Chicago, the United States of America; Kunsthal Aarhus, Denmark; Beirut Art Center, Lebanon; Tate Modern in London, the United Kingdom, and more.[19]

2. Marcel Broodthaers

Born in 1924 in Brussels, Belgium, and passed away in 1976 in Köln, Germany, Marcel Broodthaers is one of his generation’s most important conceptual artists. Broodthaers was, in fact, a failed poet before becoming one of the most renowned artists of his time with an impressive and incredibly influential oeuvre between 1963 and 1976.

As a true poet, Broodthaers used language and rhetorical strategies to question art, institutional ideologies, and the value of art. His self-conscious and critical oeuvre is marked by humor, wit, and the use of found objects, using the ambiguity of the word connected to those found objects to construct various analogies and readings—think of his iconic empty eggshells and mussel shells referring to the mold for sculpture, but also the metaphor of an empty shell.

Broodthaers’ work has been shown at renowned institutions and art events, think of Documenta in Kassel, Germany; the Venice Biennial, Italy; the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the United States of America; the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain; the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen in Düsseldorf, Germany; the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art in Moscow, Russia; or S.M.A.K., Ghent, Belgium.[20]

1. Francis Alÿs

Born in 1959 in Antwerp, Belgium, residing and working in Mexico City, Mexico, Francis Alÿs is a contemporary artist who predominantly works in video but also painting, drawing, sculpture, installation, and performance. Alÿs examines anthropological issues, geopolitical topics, and everyday life.

Francis Alÿs’ project-based practice consists of observation and poetically capturing stories, activities, or actions with a metaphorical character, functioning as a contemporary parable. Most often in collaboration with local communities, Alÿs has pushed a melting block of ice to create nothing by doing something, carried a leaking can of green paint along the Israel-Palestine Border, or moved a dune ten centimeters using hundreds of volunteers.

Francis Alÿs represented Belgium during the 59th Venice Biennal and has had various solo exhibitions at prominent institutions, encompassing the Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo, Japan; the Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Japan; the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin, Ireland; Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago, the United States of America; the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, the United States of America; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC, the United States of America; and Portikus in Frankfurt, Germany.[21]

Notes:

[1] Artfacts, Home of the Artist Ranking at https://artfacts.net consulted April 26, 2023.
[2] Zeno X Gallery, Dirk Braeckman at https://zeno-x.com/artists/dirk-braeckman/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[3] Tim Van Laere Gallery, Rinus Van de Velde at https://www.timvanlaeregallery.com/rinus-van-de-velde consulted April 26, 2023.
[4] Zeno X Gallery, Anne-Mie Van Kerckhoven at https://zeno-x.com/artists/anne-mie-van-kerckhoven/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[5] Richard Saltoun, Lili Dujourie at https://www.richardsaltoun.com/artists/262-lili-dujourie/biography/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[6] Xavier Hufkens, Walter Swennen at https://www.xavierhufkens.com/artists/walter-swennen consulted April 26, 2023.
[7] M HKA, Panamarenko at https://www.muhka.be/nl/collections/artists/p/artist/57–panamarenko consulted April 26, 2023.
[8] David Zwirner, Michaël Borremans at https://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/michael-borremans consulted April 26, 2023.
[9] Galerie Greta Meert, Jef Geys at http://galeriegretameert.com/artists/jef-geys/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[10] Xavier Hufkens, Michel François at https://www.xavierhufkens.com/artists/michel-francois consulted April 26, 2023.
[11] Sean Kelly Gallery, Kris Martin at https://www.skny.com/artists/kris-martin consulted April 26, 2023.
[12] Hauser & Wirth, Berlinde De Bruyckere at https://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/2782-berlinde-de-bruyckere/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[13] Perrotin, Wim Delvoye at https://www.perrotin.com/artists/Wim_Delvoye/7#biography consulted April 26, 2023.
[14] Galerie Greta Meert, Edith Dekyndt at http://galeriegretameert.com/artists/edith-dekyndt/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[15] Galerie Jamar, Jan Fabre at https://www.galeriejamar.be/jan-fabre/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[16] Zeno X Gallery, Luc Tuymans at https://zeno-x.com/artists/luc-tuymans/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[17] Sean Kelly Gallery, David Claerbout at https://www.skny.com/artists/david-claerbout consulted April 26, 2023.
[18] Mennour, Ann Veronica Janssens at https://mennour.com/artists/ann-veronica-janssens consulted April 26, 2023.
[19] Lisson Gallery, Otobong Nkanga at https://www.lissongallery.com/artists/otobong-nkanga consulted April 26, 2023.
[20] Marian Goodman Gallery, Marcel Broodthaers at https://www.mariangoodman.com/artists/34-marcel-broodthaers/ consulted April 26, 2023.
[21] David Zwirner, Francis Alÿs at https://www.davidzwirner.com/artists/francis-alys/biography consulted April 26, 2023.

Last Updated on April 17, 2024